Without Further Ado...

Well, here's the draft of the article I submitted for publication.  There are some interactive links, some of which I've already featured.  Like always, I'm open to comments, criticisms, cookies, and cash.

“All Work and No Play Makes Jack (or Jill) a Dull Writer: Wordplay in the Secondary Classroom”

            Yes, I am that idealistic geeky English teacher, occasionally fantasizing that I am Robin Williams’ character Mr. Keating in the classic film Dead Poets Society.  After twelve years of unsuccessfully convincing my students to call me “O Captain, My Captain,” I still hold to the belief that I can get my students to “savor words and language” (Haft, Henderson, Witt, Thomas, & Weir, 1989).  Regardless of ability or inherent wordsmithiness, I encourage students to play with words on many different levels.  On Fridays, we set aside time in my classroom to play with words.  But why?  Aren’t there roughly sixteen kajillion “testable” language arts objectives to cover in the first semester alone?  Yes, but that’s okay; I’ll explain.

            Wordplay is defined by Figgins and Johnson (2007) as students “exploring the possibilities of words on the page in front of them as those words collect, collide, and constrict, then converge and ultimately, connect” (p.29).  Huh?  Just wait.  Garcia et al (2007) define word play in two senses: “[1] as having fun and [2] to refer to the ‘looseness’ or ‘play’ that is needed in rubberized brake pads….If there is too much play in overstretched rubber bands, they are ineffective, while if there is no play, they are useless.  Language is much the same.  Without a sense of play, babies could not learn to talk nor could adults adjust their language to talk about new concepts” (p.51).   When we get a new computer or cell phone, most don’t bother reading the instruction guide.  Instead, we play around with the new toy until we understand how to manipulate it.

            Sure, but why play with words?  Why not just teach them the core curriculum and be done with it?  Roger Shanley found that word play activities addressed state core language arts standards, were more informal and comfortable for students to work with, but at the same time promoted student creativity (2007).  Author Phillip Pullman said that “The most valuable attitude we can help children adopt – the one that, among other things, helps them to write and read with the most fluency and effectiveness and enjoyment – I can best characterise by the word playful” (Pullman, 2005).   Play is work in disguise.  Playing with words is working to master the language.  To fulfill most academic assignments, students need not extend themselves to their linguistic boundaries (Pomerantz & Bell, 2007).  The language is flat and voiceless.  In order to improve writing (and it may appear to be taking a step backward), students must return to the basics of language, which includes, first and foremost a positive attitude toward language (Pullman, 2005).  Figgins and Johnson (2007) show that “students’ relationships with language are more likely to change when they are permitted to play with it, but teachers must construct multiple classroom situations for experimentation, and thus change to take place” (p.29).

            What I can do as a language arts teacher is provide a time and a place for students to take risks and play with words in a safe environment, allowing them to grow as writers (Kazemek, 1999; Whitaker, 2008).  By doing so, students build their confidence, their vocabulary, their understanding and mastery of different genres, and they start to develop their own personal voice.

            So where do you start? Like the rest of you, I have students who don’t speak English and students who hate English mixed in with students who love language almost as much as I do.  How do you level the playing field?  I have found that playing is the best way to break down barriers on the playground, in the sandlot, and in the classroom.  Pullman noted that word play “begins with nursery rhymes and nonsense poems, with clapping games and finger play and simple songs and picture books.  It goes on to consist of fooling about with the stuff the world is made of: with sounds, and with shapes and colours…and with language.  Fooling with it, playing with it, pushing it this way and that, turning it sideways, painting it different colours, looking at it from the back, putting one thing on top of another, asking silly questions, mixing it up, making absurd comparisons, discovering unexpected similarities, making pretty patterns, and all the time saying “Supposing…I wonder…What if…” (2005).

            So we play with how words sound, how words look, and how words taste.  I’d like you play along now.  And, no, that’s not a suggestion.  Put down this article and grab a pen and paper (or scribble in the margins).  We’ll start with a couple pre-writing assignments:  

1.      Write down 3 different letters of the alphabet.  (Consonants work better.)

2.      List the objects in your pockets/wallet/bag.

3.      Write down a handful of at least three actions you enjoy doing.  Be specific.  Don’t just say hiking”; instead write “hiking The Narrows in Zion National Park.”

            Now that the assignment is over, we’ll proceed.  The most basic play involves actual sounds.  To quote scriptures for my own purpose, “Hear my words…and give ear unto me, ye that have knowledge.  For the ear trieth words, as the mouth tasteth meat.   Let us choose to us judgment: let us know among ourselves what is good” (Job 34:2-4).  Even the least of us enjoys sounds that resonate in our ears and syllables that slip off our tongues.  And I try to get my students to acknowledge that through play.  We start with Internet funnies like Neil Cicierega’s Potter Puppet Pals video "The Mysterious Ticking Noise" (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tx1XIm6q4r4) and this version of The Vestibules’ “Bulbous Bouffant” (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0uuCNAwXGaQ).  If you haven’t seen these clips, pause again and go watch them.  If you have, you’ll know what I’m talking about.

            After we have heard how awesome the sounds of words can be, we create our own Cool Word Lists.  Here is an example of the start a collaborative list collected by 9^th graders:

abhor

abridge

adjudicate

adroit

alibi

ambivalent

amble

ample

bamboozle

behemoth

beluga

bombastic

bouffant

bulbous

burgle

catastrophic

chortle

cohesive

confluence

connive

conundrum

cordial

cudgel

curmudgeon

deluge

dilapidated

dilapidated

discombobulate

divulge

Eskimo

facetious

fidget

finagle

flabbergasted

flagellum

fortuitous

furrow

galoshes

gargantuan

gratuitous

gregarious

hullaballoo

imbibe

implore

incarcerate

infiltrate

ingenious

Jacuzzi

kumquat

lackadaisical

loquacious

lugubrious

luminous

macadamia

machination

magnanimous

malignant

maniacal

menacing

miniscule

mukluk

nefarious

odoriferous

ostentatious

pandemonium

parabola

parsimonious

perfunctory

pilfer

pique

placate

plethora

protuberance

pulchritude

pungent

recalcitrant

reciprocate

regurgitate

robust

saunter

serendipitous

shabby

spatula

stamina

stupor

surreptitious

thwart

ubiquitous

vagabond

vagrant

voluptuous

(Sorry, the chart's format didn't translate into Blogger.)

These lists are stored in their individual writer’s notebooks, to which they add more words over the course of the school year.

            Another method for collecting cool words comes from Susan Goldsmith Wooldridge’s Poemcrazy (1996).  She suggests having a physical word pool that students can draw from when they need to find a word of inspiration.  And so my classes gave birth to Chuck three years ago.  Our “word chuck” is really just a black plastic bucket with duct tape patches where students, when they collect a word they deem worthy of sharing with the rest of the world, or at least their fellow classmates, write the word on the back of a raffle ticket and “feed” Chuck.  When feeling uninspired students pull out a handful of tickets to see if anything strikes their ignition spark.  Collecting words gives the students an opportunity to play with words in an isolated manner, without connection to anything else, helping them to see value in individual words.  When they start manipulating two or three or fourteen to create meaning, you can tell they start to get words.  Former students who fail to dodge me in the grocery store will still ask how Chuck is doing and if he has been fed lately.  It also allows them to develop unknown vocabulary in a nonthreatening way.

            Once students have a comfortable grasp of individual words and sounds and cadence, it’s time to put them together.  Again, I like to start on a basic level with tongue twisters.  Several resources are available online as well as in the children’s section of your local bookstore; however, my favorite is Dr. Seuss’ Fox in Sox.  Students roar as they witness how tied up I, the supposed word-guru, get when trying to demonstrate these delectably scrambled sentences.

            From there I move on to plays on words, an essential element to any type of humor.  Bring in comics, Laffy Taffy wrappers, joke books (Kazemek, 1999), especially anything that includes bad puns.  This low form of humor works on many levels (and could be used as a springboard for many other language artsy lessons like allusion or parody).  Chocolate Moose for Dinner (Gywnn, 1976), Olive, the Other Reindeer (Walsh, 1997), and the Amelia Bedelia series (Parish, 2003) are a perfect place to start regardless of whether you are working with first graders or freshmen.  Students enjoy reading and identifying them, but not as much as they do when they try to create them individually or collaboratively.  It could be used as non-fluffy extra credit, too.  They actually have to think about crafting language.  Hmmm…go figure!  My personal favorite is David Lubar’s Punished! because it includes puns, oxymorons, anagrams, and palindromes.  Making students aware of the absurdities of the English language heightens their awareness of rhetorical devices in “higher” forms of literature, speech, and writing—especially when you require them to include them in their writing assignments.  Unfortunately, it also results in a flood of bad Internet jokes in my inbox, too.

            Although by no means a new way to play, students love returning time and time again to the comforts of alliteration.  Again, a plethora (love that word) of resources exists such as Stan and Jan Berenstain’s The B Book (1971) or Nicholas Heller’s Ogres! Ogres! Ogres! A Feasting Frenzy from A to Z (1999) that illustrate effective uses of alliteration.  Now we’re going to pause again so you can write and play along.

            Take your first letter and come up with a line of alliteration.  Come up with at least ten words that start with your letter (sound).  Try fitting some of them together.  Now, take your second letter and create a line that could be included in the Ogre book or fit into another alliterated tale.  Try one more by creating a whole paragraph! Or even a story!  Yes, they should make sense.  Sometimes we’ll roll a letter die to determine the letter for the class.  Competition between groups or individual students brings out some amazing writing.  Here is an example I wrote while I was playing with my Central Utah Writing Project fellows:

“A Sudden Slayer Snuffing”

                The somewhat psychotic slayer slipped silently onto the sad scene.  Surreptitiously, she spied the sortie of zombies sipping and slurping slimy substances from something, or someone recently smothered and smashed and squished.

                Suddenly, she shouted. “Stop, you spleen suckers!”  Screaming sadistically, she sent a smattering of shotgun shells into their subhuman skulls.

                Stunned for second, the simple, slobbering subjects smiled stupidly.  Sammy the Slayer shortly shrieked in shock then slumped slowly.  Someone, or something, had circled, sneaked up, seized, and strangled her.

                Suppertime!

Other sound devices that could be addressed in similar fashion could include, but are not limited to consonance, assonance, rhyme, rhythm/meter, or repetition.

            Another student favorite is onomatopoeia.  Just saying the name of this technique brings smiles, if not giggles to everyone.  Go ahead and try saying it with a scowl.  Nope. I can’t do it either.  And that’s because sounds can inspire.  Let’s play some more together.  Choose one of the actions you listed in your pre-writing.  Reflect for a few moments.  (Put the article down again, if necessary.)  Now write the words for your activity sounds.  In other words, “onomatopoeiafy” your action.  Then play with the structure.  Rearrange images.   Use a thesaurus or a Chuck if you need help finding the right words.  String the ideas together to create a poem.  Here is one example I got lucky with when playing with sounds:

“For Zachary”

Not even

the crack-sing-smack-sting-

barehanded snag of a foul ball

while balancing a foot-long

with yellow mustard, onions

and sweet pickle relish,

nor the

sky-slash-earth-crash-

explosion of light and adrenaline

while lightning’s intensity charges each arm hair

through the double-paned window drizzle

and safety of four walls,

nor the

sit-back-deep-black-

deep thought expanse of infinite stars

while a dying fire toasts backsides

like perfectly golden marshmallows

slipped between grahams

is worth experiencing

without a son to pass it on.

            After the students have had some practice playing in a structured setting (with my guidance), I let them try to fly on their own.  I’ll provide word games to play and struggle with and conquer.  For beginners, or independent learners, word searches and crossword puzzles suffice.  I also like to divide them into groups to play board games such as Boggle, Scrabble, Mad Gab, Taboo, Scattergories, Bananagrams, or others.  If you stop and think about it, most decent board games are based on language and thinking.  Commercially produced grammar games such as Grammar Punk! Work as well if you can’t give up control of your classroom.

            Magnetic Poetry is also extremely popular.  I have several sets on a 4’x4’ whiteboard on one of my walls.  When students have free time, they congregate ad try to outdo each others’ creative endeavors.  They take possession of their creations and get upset when I don’t preserve the “masterpieces” from the manipulations of other class periods.  I even have them fooling around with the online version (http://kids.magpogames.com/createpoem.cfm?kit=4).  Go play if you need to for a minute.  I had to (again) as I was writing this article.  In about ten seconds, I actually came up with the phrase “winter window wish.”  There’s no way I would have come up with that unless I was just scrambling words around.  I have no need for it now, but it’ll probably make an appearance somewhere down the road.  It’s in my notebook.  Students also take advantage of these playful platforms to collect phrases and images to use in their writing later.  Writer’s notebooks fill up with ideas that they have conjured while simply playing.  Found poetry in its several forms also provides an arena for students to feel comfortable using others’ words, changing them, and making them their own.  Meaning is broken down, absorbed, re-created, and reproduced through simple play.

            In his book On Writing, Stephen King said, “When it’s on target, a simile delights us in much the same way meeting an old friend in a crowd of strangers does” (2001).  One of my personal recent favorite similes comes from the Travel Channel’s Man Versus Food.  At the end of one show, someone asks the host how hot the chicken wings were.  He responded, “It was like licking the sun.”  Similes, like any other literary device creates imagery that students love holding onto.  I like to point out particularly powerful ones as we read.  From Maniac Magee: “…screaming like an Aztec human sacrifice about to be tossed off a pyramid” (Spinelli, 1999).

            I could ramble on describing and sharing the different types of play my students engage in, but I think you get the idea, and I need to end.  However, before I do, I need to emphasize the most important aspect of play: modeling.  If you want your students to “think for themselves” and “savor words and language” (Haft et al.,1989), you have to play as well.  Apart from providing the time and the opportunity to play, you, as the teacher, have to provide the example.  Even in a safe environment, playing with words and creating silliness requires taking personal risks.  When students see our own processes while playing with words, when we as adults take risks in front of them, it helps to ease their stress levels and helps them to open up and let loose as well.  Playing will force students and teachers alike to step outside the boundaries of everyday discourse and strive for something more creative, more imaginative, more risky.  The irony, though, is that while this advanced word choice and construction occurs, the users feel more at ease because of the context of the discourse.  The structure of play allows and encourages taking risks.  It also has an “important role in the development of learners’ identities, mulitcompentent selves, and communicative repertoires” (Pomerantz & Bell, 2007, p. 575).  Fears break down, inhibitions about composition crumble, and students are empowered through the power of play.

References  (further readings and examples included)

Berenstain, S. and Berenstain, J. (1971). The b book. New York: Random House

Creech, S. (2001). Love that dog. New York: Scholastic, Inc.

Dermon, E. (1976). Potpourri. English Journal, 65(4), pp. 80-81.

Edgar, C. & Padgett, R. (1994). Educating the imagination: Essays and ideas for teachers and writers.

            New York: Teachers and Writers.

Figgins, M.A. & Johnson, J. (2007). Wordplay: The poem’s second language. English Journal, 96 (3), pp.

            29-35.

Garcia, M.B., Geiser, L., McCawley, C., Nilsen, A.P., Wolterbeck, E. (2007). Polysemy: A neglected

            concept in wordplay. English Journal, 96(3), pp.51-57.

Geisel, T. aka Dr. Seuss. (1965). Fox in Socks. New York: Beginner Books.

Graves, M.F. & Watts-Taffe, S. (2008). For the love of words: Fostering word consciousness in young

            readers. The Reading Teacher, 62 (3), pp. 185-193. doi: 10.1598/RT62.3.1

Gwynne, F. (1976). A Chocolate Moose for Dinner. New York: Aladdin.

Heller, N. (1999). Ogres! Ogres! Ogres! A Feasting Frenzy from A to Z. New York: Greenwillow Books.

Haft, S., Henderson, D., Witt, P.J., & Thomas, T. (Producers), & Weir, P. (Director). (1989). Dead poets

            society [Motion picture], United States: Buena Vista Home Entertainment.

Janeczko, P. (2005). A Kick in the Head. New York: Scholastic, Inc.

Kazemek, F.E. (1999). Why was the elephant late in getting on the ark? Elephant riddles and other jokes

            in the classroom. The Reading Teacher, 52(8), pp. 896-898.

King, S. (2001).On Writing. New York: Pocket

Koertge, R. (2003). Shakespeare Bats Cleanup. Cambridge, MA: Candlewick Press.

Lubar, D. (1999). Pardon my French. The ALAN Review., 26(3), pp. 5-6.

Lubar, D. (2005). Punished! Plain City, OH: Darby Creek Publishing.

O’Neill, M. (1989). Hailstones and Halibut Bones. New York: Delacourte Press.

Parish, P. (2003). Amelia Bedelia Collection. New York: Greenwillow Books.

Pomerantz, A., & Bell, N.D. (2007). Learning to play: FL learners as multicompetent language users.

            Applied Linguistics, 28(4), pp. 556-578. doi: 10.1093/applin/amm044

Price, R. and Stern, L. (1996). Grab Bag Mad Libs. New York: Scholastic, Inc.

Pullman, P. (2005, January 22). Common sense has much to learn from moonshine. Guardian.        Retrieved from http://books.guardian.co.uk/print/0,,5109668-99819,00.html

Rex, M. (2009). Goodnight Goon. New York: Scholastic, Inc.

Riordan, R. (2005). The Lightning Thief. New York: Scholastic, Inc.

Shanley, R.W. (2007). Paradoxical oxymorons. English Journal, 96(3), pp. 12-14.

Spinelli, J. (1999). Maniac Magee. New York: Brown Books for Young Readers.

Stokes, J. (1978). Loony Limericks: From Alabama to Wyoming. Garden City, NY: Doubleday &     Company.

Walsh, V. (1997). Olive, the Other Reindeer. San Francisco: Chronicle.

Whitaker, S. (2008). Finding the joy of language in authentic wordplay. English Journal, 97(4), pp. 45-

            48.

Wooldridge, S.G. (1996). Poemcrazy: Freeing Your Life with Words. New York: Three Rivers Press.

Biographical Sketch:

            Joe Anson is not only a lover of words, he is a father, husband, baseball fan and teacher as well.  He teaches English to seventh and ninth graders at Spanish Fork Jr. High.  When he is not grading homework or doing his own homework (he is currently working to finish an Ed.D.) he likes to read, cook, play with his kids, listen to music and find cool new words.  His favorite word at the moments is cantankerous.